By Louis Lima
Chess players often enjoy solving tactical puzzles in order to improve their combinational abilities. We can find these challenges in books on tactics, our favorite chess magazine, the chess column at the local newspaper, educational software, or websites dedicated to the subject. The authors of these puzzles often provide us with one or more bits of the following information:
Who’s turn is it
(e.g. White to move)
Number of moves
(e.g. Mate in three)
The Tactical Motif
(e.g. Puzzles are listed under the category “Discovery Check”)
Outcomes
(e.g. +/-, =, White to move and stalemate, etc.)
Choices
(e.g. Two or more candidate moves and you must pick the right one.)
The piece to be used in the tactic
(e.g. The picture of a Rook above the diagram)
An introduction
(e.g. “This position exemplifies the perils of leaving the back rank undefended”)
The chess problem itself
(e.g. Often a clue that you need to find “something”)
Some of this information helps us develop our tactical skills, such as solving problems according to tactical motifs. The reality, however, is that no such information is available to us while a game is in progress. How often have we gone over a game after it has ended, only to discover that we missed a simple tactical shot, or lost the game because we oversaw a threat?
In our chess training we might have gone over all of Fred Reinfeld’s 1001 Winning Chess Sacrifices and Combinations thrice. We might be well verse on tactical themes like clearance, pinning, double attack, decoying, etc – but still miss on these golden opportunities because no angel is telling us there is a mate in three, or that a Queen sacrifice is in order. In the real heat of the battle we have to recognize these critical moments for ourselves. To compound the problem, a player has to deal with tournament time controls. When should we invest the time in looking for a tactical shot? We obviously can’t do it at every single move since we need to budget our time effectively. When do we have the green light to explore a position further for tactical opportunities?
Chess positions with tactical opportunities share clues and motifs that give an indication such tactics are present. Through the following ten chess positions I will illustrate these motifs. These examples might contain more than one clue, but only one is sufficient enough reason to probe a position further. It does not mean that there will always be a tactical opportunity, but it might and we do want to miss our chance to play a spectacular move! (or avoid have one be played on us)
This popular position was taken from my second favorite tactical book of all time, the Encyclopedia of Chess Middlegames (Informant 1980). Imagine the following scenario: You are black and it’s your move. You have 30 minutes left on your clock. Should you quickly parry the threat to your Rook on c8 and move it out of danger? or should you invest some of the precious time left on your clock to look for a tactical shot? This position begs for you to look for tactics because the following five motifs are present:
I. Your opponent’s King is lined up with your Queen
Whenever one of my heavy pieces is lined up with my opponent’s King I look for tactics. Thanks to this motif there are possibilities of moves such as 1…Nf3+ here.
II. Knight Forks
Whenever I see the opportunity for Knight forks I take some time to look for tactical shots. Here we see the forking possibilities 1…Nf3+ and 1…Ne2+.
III. Weak Pieces Whenever there are weak pieces I look for tactics. Here the Rook on c1 is weak because it has one attacker (the Queen on g5) and one defender (the Queen on e1). Moreover, the Rook on c1 is even weaker because it is indirectly attacked by the Rook on c8 as well. White could explore various things here, such as trying to deflect the Queen from the defense of the Rook, or deflect the Knight in order to win the Rook on c1.
IV. Undefended Pieces
White has an undefended Bishop on b7 and an undefended pawn on b4.
V. Checks
Whenever I see a check, no matter how silly, I explore the position further. The reason for this is that a check forces your opponent to do something about it. Check is the ultimate forcing move. In this position Black has four checks at his disposal: 1…Qxg2+, 1…Qxc1+, 1…Nxf3+, and 1…Ne2+
Armed with this knowledge we can begin to calculate possibilities. 1…Nf3+ does not work because of 2.Bxf3. 1…Ne2+ does not work because of 2.Nxe2 and the rook on c1 seems to be adequately defended. 1…Rxc3 2.Rxc3 and there is no fork on e2 due to White’s Queen control of this square. 1…Qxc1 2.Qxc1 Ne2+ 3.Nxe2 Rxc1 4.Nxc1 and White emerges a piece ahead. However 1…Qxc1 2.Qxc1 Rxc3 3.Qxc3 Ne2+ and Black wins a piece. White does not need to play 3.Qxc3 and can choose a move like 3.Qf1, but then black has 3…Rc1! and Black will win the Queen either way. Again, if the reader has not been working on his tactical skills then it is unlikely to find the correct solution, let alone the ideas behind it. If they have, then the solution can be seen fairly quickly. Based on the above motifs, the player correctly assessed there was “something” in the position, looked further, and had the tactical training to find and execute 1…Qxc1!
Another position from the Encyclopedia of Chess Middlegames. I think this is a very instructive example because it shows the importance of knowing your tactics. Here we have similar clues and new ones:
I. Checks As IM Danny Kopec once told us at a chess camp: “Never miss a check”. Here we have three checking possibilities: 1…Qf2+, 1…Qg1+ and, 1…Rh2+. If you have been solving decoy-type tactical problems, you’ll immediately see the possibility of 1…Rh2+ 2.Kxh2 3.Qf2+ with the threat of 4.Rh8 surrounding the King. Obviously this is not currently possible due to Queen’s presence on e2. But maybe we can think of a way to force her away from the defense of the f2 square?
II. Weak Pieces (or Pawns) The Knight on c4 is weak because it is attacked once and defended once. We can look at ways to deflect the Queen from its defense, or pile up on the Knight through moves like 1…Bb5. The pawn on b2 is also weak because it has one attacker and one defender on it. Sacrificing the Rook on b2 could be a useful option if White’s tactic involves trying to deflect the Knight on c4.
III. Airy King White’s King safety has been compromised as a result of the open h file and dark-square weaknesses. Look for tactics if the King is out in the open.
IV. Weak Squares White suffers from serious dark-square weaknesses and White’s Queen and Bishop are all over them. Black could think of possibilities of deflecting the Knight on g3 and coordinate the Bishop on f4 with a Rook on h2.
V. Positional Advantages: Control of Open File If you have a positional advantage, no matter how temporary, explore the position a bit further to see if you can immediately exploit it. Here Black has temporary control of the h-file, but it has to be used immediately because White could contest the h file in the next move.
Although this puzzle was in the advanced section of the book, the answer came to me rather quickly. I wanted to first calculate ways to remove the Queen from the defense of the f2 square, so that I could play the decoy tactic 1…Rh2+ Kxh2 2.Qf2+. I immediately so potential sacrifices on g4, starting with the Knight, so that the Queen would be forced to move after White’s Bishop lands on g4. Thus 1…Nxg4 2.fxg4 Bxg4. Now the Queen is forced to move. The move I analyzed first was 3.Qxg4 to make sure the attack was winning, otherwise I would be down to minor pieces in this solution. 3…Rh2+ (Sacrificing a third piece) 4.Kxh2 Qf2+ 5.Kh3 Rh8+ 6.Nh5+Rxh5 7.Qxh5 Qg3++ or if 5.Kh1 Rh8+ 6.Nh5+Rxh5 7.Qxh5 gxh5 8.Rg1+Kf8 9.Rg2 Qh4+ 10.Rh2 Qxh2++.
Here is another famous position from my favorite book on tactics: Tal’s Winning Chess Combinations by Mikhail Tal and Victor Khenkin. This is the most delightful book I’ve ever read on tactics and if you can get hold of a copy you’ll want to read it over and over again. I wish they could reprint this book. Here we see two familiar motifs and three new ones:
I. Checks
Black has a check available on e1 and one on h2.
II. Undefended Pieces
White has an undefended Rook on a1 and an undefended Queen on d3. Moreover, the rook a1 is x-rayed by the Queen on a5 and the Rook on a8.
III. Batteries
White has two pieces lined up on the same file. Both the Queen and Rook exert pressure on White’s weak back rank.
IV. Pinned Pieces
The pawn on b2 is pinned by the Queen because the rook is on a1. It wouldn’t matter if the Rook was defended or not. The fact that it is x-rayed by White’s forces give us a reason to probe the position further and see if we can find something that exploits this factor.
V. Positional Advantages: Back Rank Weakness
Black’s battery means that two pieces are attacking the back rank, while only one (The rook on a1) is protecting it. Therefore, it is a good idea to look for tactical opportunities.
White would like to play 1…Qe1+ so that 2.Rxe1?? Rxe1+ 3.Qf1 Rxf1 mates. However, White can play 2.Qf1! and everything is OK. Bronstein found 1…Rxa3! Taking advantage of the pin on b2, threatening the undefended Queen on d3, and realizing the Rook on a1 cannot depart the back-rank with 2.Rxa3.
This position begs you to look for a killer blow because we have several familiar clues:
I. Checks
1.Qxe6+
II. Undefended Pieces
The Bishop on h4
III. Weak pieces
The Rook on e6 is weak because it has the same number of attackers and defenders on it. In addition, the Rook on e1 is indirectly attacking e6 as well.
IV. Pinned Pieces (or the opportunity of being pinned)
The rook on e6 is pinned by the Queen. Noticed that if there was, say, a Black Knight on f7, we would still look for combinational possibilities since White’s Queen is in the same diagonal as the opponent’s King. Here I found the simple 1.Bf2, threatening the undefended Bishop on h4, while piling up on the pinned Rook on e6.
This is a hypothetical position reached by Bobby Fischer in his analysis of Game 41 Fisher – Robatsch from his book “My 60 Memorable Games. White has four clues we have discussed already:
I. Undefended Pieces
On a5, d8 and a8.
II. Battery
Queen-Rook battery along the h-file
III. Airy King
IV. Checks
On h7, g7, and f8, and indirectly on h8.
V. Your Opponent’s Queen in the Same Line or Diagonal with One of Your Pieces
Black’s Queen is lined up with the Rook on h5.
The solution is 1.g6. White cannot recapture on g6 because of 1…Rxa5, and any pawn capture will be decisive after 2.Qxh7+ or 2.Qh8+
There are five visible clues in this position.
I. Undefended Pieces
Both of Black’s rooks
II. Battery
Queen-Rook battery along the open d-file
III. Airy King
Black’s pawn advances have compromised King safety
IV. Weak Squares
The dark squares around the Black King are weak.
V. Weak Pieces
The Knight on d7 is weak because it has the same number of attackers and defenders on hit.
In trying to take advantage of the above factors I found 1.Na4!. Now most moves by Black will be answered by 2.Qxd7+! Qxd7 3.Nb6 forking the King and Rook.
Here the position has the following obvious clues:
I. Back Rank Weakness
Black’s back rank is undefended
II. Positional Advantage: File Control
White’s Rook controls the h-file
This was my most painful blunder because Tim was the highest rated player I had played so far under regular tournament conditions. Here I neglected to see my weak back-rank weakness coupled with Tim’s control of the h-file, and instead of playing Re7 I played 1…f4?? allowing 2.Qe8+ winning the game. In chess the most painful moments contain the most valuable lessons for a player. One might hear advice such as “Keep your sense of danger at all times”, but we only begin to get the message until this happens to us a few times over the board.
A pawn on the sixth or seventh rank is inches away from coronation, so we must look for ways to push the pawn to the finish line. We reached this position with Harold on move 73. Here White missed his opportunity to wrap things up and played 74.Rg1? and the game was drawn at move 90. However, if he had been hungry to push the f pawn he might have found the winning shot 74.Rg8+! sacrificing the Rook in exchange for two vital tempi needed to get the pawn to the queening square. Now If. 74…Kxg8 75. f7+ Kh7 76. f8(Q) and it’s all over. Or 74…Kh7 Rd8 and nothing can prevent the pawn from moving forward. In all fairness, the game was approaching midnight and we were both tired, besides me having a time handicap due to Harold’s role as TD and needing to spend time doing other things while playing me at the same time.
The last two positions show another typical clue to look for tactics, namely, “Sacrificial Possibilities Around the King”. These sacrifices typically take place on the f2, g2, and h2 squares (f7, g7, h7), or the appropriate squares when the King has castled Queenside.
This position arose after 1.e4 c5 2.d4 cxd4 3.c3 d5 4.exd5 Nf6 5.Nf3 Nxd5 6.cxd4 Nc6 7.Bc4 e6 8.0–0 Be7 9.Nc3 Nxc3 10.bxc3 0–0 11.Bb3 b6 12.Bc2 Ba6 13.Re1 Rc8 14.Bd2 Bc4 15.Qb1 Kh8. Here I tried the sacrifice 16.Bxh7!? g6 17.Bxg6 fxg6 18.Qxg6 Bf6 19.Ng5 Qe7 20.Re3 Bxg5 21.Rh3+ Bh4 22.Bg5 Qg7 23.Rxh4+ Kg8 24.Qxg7+ Kxg7 25.Bh6+ Kg6 26.Bxf8 Rxf8 27.Rg4+ Kf5 28.Rg3 Rc8 29.Rf3+ Kg5 30.Rg3+ Kf5 31.Rf3+ Kg5 32.Rg3+ Kf5 and the computer accepted the draw by repetition of moves as I only had a few minutes left.
Radio Shack C2150 was my first computer boasting a rating of 2150, but its strength seemed to be around 1500. Unlike today’s chess software, this one would make the exact same mistake over and over again.
The game went along typical classical dragon lines with 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 g6 6.Be3 Bg7 7.f3 0–0 8.Qd2 Nc6 9.g4 Bd7 10.Nxc6 bxc6. After beginning its Kingside attack however, the computer played 11.Bg2? Qa5 12.0–0–0 Rfb8 13.a3. Here I finished the computer off with 13…Rxb2! (Tactic: Demolition of pawn structure)14.Kxb2 Nxe4! (Tactic: Clearance of a Diagonal) 15.fxe4 Rb8+ (Tactic: Removal of The Guard) 16.Ka2 Be6+ 17.Nd5 Rb2+ 18.Ka1 Qxa3# 0–1
Conclusion:
I presented you with eleven clues or motifs in a position that tells you a tactical shot might be available:
- Undefended Pieces
- Weak Pieces or Squares
- Unsafe King
- Queen, Rook or Bishop in the same file or diagonal with the opponent’s King or Queen
- Forks and Pins
- Checks
- Batteries
- Back rank weaknesses
- Passed pawns on the sixth or seventh rans
- Positional advantages such as control of file or diagonal
- Sacrificial possibilities around f2,g2,h2 or appropriate pawns in queenside castling.
It is my hope that those readers who have been working hard honing their tactical skills can make use of the ideas presented in this article, and help you avoid missing winning shots in their games.
